Características clínicas, sociodemográficas y factores relacionados en pacientes con toxoplasmosis ocular. Clínica oftalmológica de la selva. Julio 2021- diciembre 2022
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Date
2023-04-12
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Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Fondo Editorial
Abstract
Introducción: La toxoplasmosis humana es una enfermedad parasitaria causada por Toxoplasma gondii: En América Latina y en el Perú, la prevalencia es relativamente alta, y puede ocasionar disminución de la visión hasta ceguera. La vía de transmisión varía de acuerdo con el ambiente y a los hábitos de cada persona, siendo muy probable que la ingesta de carne mal cocida sea la principal vía de contagio. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas, sociodemográficas y factores relacionados en pacientes con toxoplasmosis ocular diagnosticados en la Clínica Oftalmológica de la Selva, Julio 2021- diciembre 2022. Métodos: Es un estudio básico, descriptivo y con nivel correlacional, que incluyó a 49 pacientes con toxoplasmosis ocular (TO) y con serología IgG anti T. gondii y otro grupo de pacientes con TO y sin serología, emparejados por edad y sexo. Los datos para las características clínicas y sociodemográficas se obtuvieron de un cuestionario administrado por la entrevistadora y también mediante las historias clínicas, previo consentimiento informado dirigido a la clínica. Resultados:Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron: visión borrosa (85.2%), dolor ocular (46.9%), lagrimeo (39.5%), ojo rojo (34.6%). La visión borrosa, tiene significancia estadística con efecto de asociación a la toxoplasmosis ocular (OR= 3.75, un IC 95% de 1.02-13.73 y un p= 0.03). La disminución de la agudeza visual se presentó en el 37% y la presión intraocular estuvo aumentada en el 76.5%. Las formas clínicas fueron: retinocoroiditis (87.7%), lesión cicatricial antigua (84.0%) con OR= 6.97, un IC 95% de 1.74-27.89 y un p= 0.003. Las presentaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron: edema papilar (65.4%), células en acuoso o efecto Tyndall (37.0%), vitritis (28.4%), edema macular (14.8%) y vasculitis (6.2%). Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron: lesiones maculares (86.4%), opacidad vítrea (45.7%) con significancia estadística con efecto de asociación a la TO, con OR= 2.70, un IC 95% 1.06-6.88 y un p= 0.003; lesión del nervio óptico (22.2%), sinequias posteriores (14.8%) con OR= 8.97; IC95% 1.09-73.38 y p= 0.01. El tipo de lesión más frecuente de la TO fue la recurrente (90.1%). El grupo con serología tuvo una edad media ± D.E. 33.67±15.55 años y el grupo de pacientes sin serología tuvieron una edad media ± D.E. 30.81±15.95 años. La edad mínima fue 13 años y la máxima 73 años. El rango de edad más frecuente fue de 15 – 24 años en el 34.6%. Fue más frecuente el sexo femenino en el 53.1%. La ocupación más frecuente fue la de estudiante (38.3%) y procedieron de la zona urbana en el 80.2%. Los factores asociados ambientales y hábitos se describen al grupo con serología y TO, la presencia de gatos dentro de su vivienda en el 53.1%, acaricia a su perro en el 85.7%. El consumo de carnes rojas semicocidas es del 46.9%, lava las frutas antes de consumirlas en el 73.5%, lava los vegetales antes de consumirlas en el 95.9% y usa hipoclorito de sodio (lejía) para desinfectar frutas y verduras en el 10.2%. Conclusiones: La presentación clínica y sociodemográfica de la TO fue similar a lo reportado en la literatura. La TO afecta más a los jóvenes y está asociado al ambiente domiciliario y a los hábitos nutricionales.
Introduction: Human toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii: In Latin America and Peru, the prevalence is relatively high, and can cause decreased vision to blindness. The route of transmission varies according to the environment and the habits of each person, being very likely that the ingestion of undercooked meat is the main route of infection. Objective: To determine the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and related factors in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis diagnosed at the Clínica Oftalmológica de la Selva, July 2021- December 2022. Methods: It is a basic, descriptive and correlational study, which included 49 patients with ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) and with IgG anti T. gondii serology and another group of patients with OT and without serology, matched by age and sex. Data for clinical and sociodemographic characteristics were obtained from a questionnaire administered by the interviewer and also through medical records, after informed consent addressed to the clinic. Results: The most frequent symptoms were: blurred vision (85.2%), ocular pain (46.9%), tearing (39.5%), red eye (34.6%). Blurred vision, has statistical significance with association effect to ocular toxoplasmosis (OR= 3.75, 95% CI 1.02-13.73 and p= 0.03). Decreased visual acuity was present in 37% and intraocular pressure was increased in 76.5%. The clinical forms were: retinochoroiditis (87.7%), old cicatricial lesion (84.0%) with OR= 6.97, 95% CI 1.74-27.89 and p= 0.003. The most frequent clinical presentations were: papillary edema (65.4%), cells in aqueous or Tyndall effect (37.0%), vitritis (28.4%), macular edema (14.8%) and vasculitis (6.2%). The most frequent complications were: macular lesions (86.4%), vitreous opacity (45.7%) with statistical significance with OT association effect, with OR= 2.70, 95% CI 1.06-6.88 and p= 0.003; optic nerve lesion (22.2%), posterior synechiae (14.8%) with OR= 8.97; 95% CI 1.09-73.38 and p= 0.01. Recurrent lesion was the most frequent type of OT lesion (90.1%). The group with serology had a mean age ± SD 33.67±15.55 years and the group of patients without serology had a mean age ± SD 30.81±15.95 years. The minimum age was 13 years and the maximum age was 73 years. The most frequent age range was 15 - 24 years in 34.6% of the cases. The most frequent was female (53.1%). The most frequent occupation was student (38.3%) and 80.2% were from the urban area. The associated environmental factors and habits were described in the group with serology and OT, the presence of cats in their homes in 53.1%, petting their dog in 85.7%. Consumption of semi-cooked red meat is 46.9%, washing fruits before consumption in 73.5%, washing vegetables before consumption in 95.9% and using sodium hypochlorite (bleach) to disinfect fruits and vegetables in 10.2%. Conclusions: The clinical and sociodemographic presentation of OT was similar to that reported in the literature. OT affects more young people and is associated with the home environment and nutritional habits.
Introduction: Human toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii: In Latin America and Peru, the prevalence is relatively high, and can cause decreased vision to blindness. The route of transmission varies according to the environment and the habits of each person, being very likely that the ingestion of undercooked meat is the main route of infection. Objective: To determine the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and related factors in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis diagnosed at the Clínica Oftalmológica de la Selva, July 2021- December 2022. Methods: It is a basic, descriptive and correlational study, which included 49 patients with ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) and with IgG anti T. gondii serology and another group of patients with OT and without serology, matched by age and sex. Data for clinical and sociodemographic characteristics were obtained from a questionnaire administered by the interviewer and also through medical records, after informed consent addressed to the clinic. Results: The most frequent symptoms were: blurred vision (85.2%), ocular pain (46.9%), tearing (39.5%), red eye (34.6%). Blurred vision, has statistical significance with association effect to ocular toxoplasmosis (OR= 3.75, 95% CI 1.02-13.73 and p= 0.03). Decreased visual acuity was present in 37% and intraocular pressure was increased in 76.5%. The clinical forms were: retinochoroiditis (87.7%), old cicatricial lesion (84.0%) with OR= 6.97, 95% CI 1.74-27.89 and p= 0.003. The most frequent clinical presentations were: papillary edema (65.4%), cells in aqueous or Tyndall effect (37.0%), vitritis (28.4%), macular edema (14.8%) and vasculitis (6.2%). The most frequent complications were: macular lesions (86.4%), vitreous opacity (45.7%) with statistical significance with OT association effect, with OR= 2.70, 95% CI 1.06-6.88 and p= 0.003; optic nerve lesion (22.2%), posterior synechiae (14.8%) with OR= 8.97; 95% CI 1.09-73.38 and p= 0.01. Recurrent lesion was the most frequent type of OT lesion (90.1%). The group with serology had a mean age ± SD 33.67±15.55 years and the group of patients without serology had a mean age ± SD 30.81±15.95 years. The minimum age was 13 years and the maximum age was 73 years. The most frequent age range was 15 - 24 years in 34.6% of the cases. The most frequent was female (53.1%). The most frequent occupation was student (38.3%) and 80.2% were from the urban area. The associated environmental factors and habits were described in the group with serology and OT, the presence of cats in their homes in 53.1%, petting their dog in 85.7%. Consumption of semi-cooked red meat is 46.9%, washing fruits before consumption in 73.5%, washing vegetables before consumption in 95.9% and using sodium hypochlorite (bleach) to disinfect fruits and vegetables in 10.2%. Conclusions: The clinical and sociodemographic presentation of OT was similar to that reported in the literature. OT affects more young people and is associated with the home environment and nutritional habits.
Description
Keywords
Toxoplasmosis ocular, Características clínicas, Retinocoroiditis, Hábitos alimenticios
Citation
Rodríguez-Pérez, W.J. (2023).Características clínicas, sociodemográficas y factores relacionados en pacientes con toxoplasmosis ocular. Clínica oftalmológica de la selva. Julio 2021- diciembre 2022. Tesis para optar el título profesional de Médico Cirujano. Facultad de Medicina Huamana, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Tarapoto, Perú.